CDE 110 2018-19 G15 Final

- Preface:

  Walkability is one of the most significant criteria to measure a liveable neighbourhood, which refers to the extent of convenience for residents to walk from homes to any other destinations. Nowadays, the community emphasise the requirements of public health, accessible transportation and sustainable environment. Planners, therefore, are more likely to focus on the access to walking paths, public transportation facilities and shopping (Stein, 2018).

 Nowadays, according to a higher demand and awareness for sustainability, new requirements for local economy are also established. A circular economy refers to an economic system which applies the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle. It not only focuses on the circular use of materials, but also emphasizes the relationship with the environment. Moreover, a creative business mode should be adopted to realize the sufficient use within the circular economy system (Sheposh, 2017).

- Aim:

  Our group will propose an improvement of Lotus Village District 1 in SIP to create a more walkable neighborhood with a more circular economy from diverse aspects based on reality situation and successful cases from previous neighborhood planning.

- Group No.15 

- The aspects we are going to examine and work load distribution:

Lingzhi Ye (1715485): group leader/water/clarification

Yunfei Yang (1715484): movement/people and community/preface 

Jiawen Luo (1715489): materials/recommendation

Yanru Lu (1716058): access to local facilities/summary/aim

Qingwei Zeng (1717956): energy/research methods

Xinyi Zhao (1717028): biodiversity/site map

Xinyue Zhang (1718447): food/local enterprise

- For physical environment: 

Transportation/Movement: traffic routes for vehicles, routes for pedestrians, bus station, parking area

Material: Garbage classification, building waste, local recycling (including furniture refurbishment and donation )

Public facilities: Issues, different scales, usage of interviews and mapping skills.

Energy: Types, supply situation, safety.

- For social situation: 

People and community: Basic resident information, infrastructure, open space, local facilities, local enterprise

Local enterprise: Economic nich, local multiplier effects, job opportunities (community and characteristic of local residents), local green industrial, rental condition, scruffy zone.

Food: Food accessibility, safety, dietary nutrition of residents, food prices, food miles, community vegetable garden.

- For natural status: 

Water: Drainage system, water issues, technical improvement.

Biodiversity:Population density of herbaceous plants, greening condition, problems of lawn.

We have a total of 9 topics (shown below), and each team member has 1-2 subject studies.

1. People and Community               

2. Local enterprise              

3. Access to local facilities                

4. Movement                                      

5. Energy                                            

6. Water

7. Food                                                

8. Materials                          

9. Biodiversity

The research method is as follows：

                                                           （Figure1 & 2 Communication with residents, Model of Lotus village)

                                                   (Figure 3 & 4 Community Knowledge Quiz Chess, Put a wish on the model)

                                                      (Figure 5 Wish wall)

                                                                                 (Figure: The location of Lotus Village 4)

  The site of our group work is the neighborhood of Lotus Village 4th district.

  It is located in Xietang, Suzhou Industrial Park. It is built by Suzhou Industrial Park Yujianfa Real Estate Co., Ltd., with a total construction area of 152,300, with a total area of 76,150, It is the largest demolition and resettlement community in Xietang Town.. The residential property company is the Lotus Community Property Company. The fourth district of Lianhua New Village was completed in 2007, the green area is 20%. The surrounding facilities are complete. There are large supermarkets, several primary schools, middle schools, high schools and universities, 13 bus stops and a railway.

People activities play a vital important role in a community that people influenced by the facilities and environment in the neighborhood while the neighborhood would also be changed by the residents gradually.

Basic information of Lotus Village District One:

The community was completely constructed in 2004 in SIP. Overall floorage of Lotus Village district 1 is 152300 and gross floor space is 76150, involving 2007 families approximately 6,000 residents in total. (Chang, 2019) Through a survey conducted by our group members, several basic information of residents and community are collected as follows:

(Figure1.1: Number of residents in LV1 of all ages of)    (Figure1.2: different composition of households in LV1)

        (Figure1.3: the housing price of LV1 is always higher than the average of the district where it locates in.)

  Working locally has considerable benefits in environmental, enterprise and people aspects (Figure. 2.1,2.2). Since many local jobs are related to the services industry, in this analysis, we give priority to the services sector in these communities, including the informal part in the economy.

(Figure.2.1: Working locally has Benefited.)

(Figure.2.2: Means of transportation for work.)

1. The niche of local enterprises:

In this community, the niche is mainly used for small workshops and informal business activities (such as mobile breakfast shops, merchants riding tricycles through the community and small workshops inclusive in residential areas) in the residential area.  Social networks create favorable conditions for these local businesses. In the interview, we learned that since most of the original residents living in the same building are initially residents of the same village, the neighborhood exchanges frequently and harmoniously. Even tenants were involved. The positive official attitudes and practical financial support, however, have not been forthcoming. Even in interviews with barbershop owners, we learned that the community was trying to close some of these intercommunal stores.

In this case, these small shops that can provide a variety of local services do not form an area with clear boundaries except community boundaries but are scattered in community buildings; even they are not limited to the first floor in the residential building. Informal economic activities (such as the gathering of small shops in the surrounding area), residents can walk for about 10 minutes. This also leads to better local multiplier effects and more active local economic activities.

2. Rental conditions:

Similarly, there is no initiative to create low rental conditions for services. But the result does not directly prove that such programmes affect economic diversity. According to our survey and research, people there are still actively seeking a better economy (Sturtevant, 2019).

3. Scruffy zones:

Scruffy zone, in this case, is mainly distributed in the public space outside the community, which provides A variety of services and allows residents to walk within 10 minutes (Figure.2.3).

(Figure.2.3: Scruffy zones in gathering space.)

4. Employment opportunities provided by the community:

According to our research, there a one-stop service center in Dongying neighborhood provide residents with employment opportunities (Figure.2.4). A small group of residents, however, claimed it requires unfair competition for jobs. According to the study, there are local enterprises that meet local needs; for example, there are some older residents who can order healthy in-home delivery food from the community (Figure.2.5). After interviewing the delivery person, she said her job comes from the one-stop in Dongying community.

(Figure.2.4: Does job adopted labor?)

(Figure.2.5: Neighborhood food delivery.)

5. Sustainable economic behavior:

There is not much green local enterprise activity here. There is a small amount of waste and waste clothes collection and treatment work contracted by public institutions rather than private (Figure.2.6).

(Figure.2.6: company established by public institutions.)

  The facilities provided within and outside of the site at different scales are analyzed using the combination of field trip and map drawing. Due to the limited time and resources, several important types of facilities are emphasized to find the most concerned issue for the residents.

1.Building scale

  At the entrance of each building, there are several stone benches. However, few of them are actually put into use. The residents prefer to use their own chairs which are more comfortable. They are even able to make chairs using wasted materials. Some of these stone benches function as the place for cloth washing or flower plots instead. 

  Another important issue mentioned by the residents is the intricate bare wires attached to the buildings. Some of these wires are stretched by residents living in higher floors, because there is no public charging and parking space for electric bicycles, which other districts have. Most of the elderly interviewed are worried about the potential risk for fire accidents, for their inconvenience to escape. 

                          (Figure3.1 The old lady is sitting on her own chair rather than the stone bench.)

2.Neighborhood scale

  There is a center in this neighborhood, which include playgrounds for basketball and table tennis, public facilities for children and community activity rooms. However, there are two main issues in this area. One is that the outdoor facilities are not maintained so carefully. Some of them are also misused by the residents. Another problem is the insufficient use of activity rooms, both existing ones and which are promised to be built. According to our interviews with the residents gathering in these rooms, some necessary services haven’t been permanently accommodated within a particular room (such as routine physical examination for the elderly). 

   (Figure3.2 The broken net of the basketball court)   

(Figure3.3 The misused pingpong table for vegetable drying)

3.Residential district scale

According to our survey, a large proportion of the residents are above middle age, usually with children. Therefore, two major concerns: education resources for children and agricultural markets for daily food supply are focused on. 

Figure3.4 and Figure3.5 demonstrate the catchment of the nearby schools and food markets respectively. The actual routes that residents can take are also showed. From these two mapping, a gap between the standards of urban facility service radius (Service Radius for Various Urban Facilities, 2014) and the real situation. This issue is partially attributed to the insufficient gates in the whole residential area (see Figure4.?).

(Figure3.4 The mapping analysis of education resources)

(Figure3.5 The mapping analysis of agricultural markets)

Movement which refers to the dynamic action route mainly for people and vehicles is an important aspect to illustrate the neighbourhood.

                                                                                      (Figure4.1 traffic route for vehicles)

                                                                  (Figure4.2 routes for pedestrians and community gates)

For residents, the pedestrian in the block is walkable as the roads are mainly built from flat bricks and the width is in a human scale that allows two people to walk side by side. Additionally, there are open space among each building that are non-motorized so that people are able to walk continuously as well as seat and chat with each other within the neighbourhood.

                                                                               (Figure4.3  sofas and chairs along the path)

However, short fences that separates path and greenery and street lamps might limit the comfort when people walk through. Besides, the path between or behind residential buildings are less walkable because the lanes are too narrow and some are in a cluttered. As for vehicles, cars, bikes and tricycles are the main categories involved. Roads and car park are well connected that all three main parking lots have at least two entrances leading to the main roads of the neighbourhood which provide convenience for cars travel though and less likely to cause a traffic jam within the community. While the roads are mostly dual carriageways, there is no bikeway though bicycle and tricycles occupy a certain proportion of vehicle using in the Lotus Village. There is no parking area for the vehicles either. Therefore, the rest vehicles have to share the road with cars. As a result, tricycles can be seen parking along the road and bikes mainly be put on the grass which leave a trace on the mud or by the stair in building.

                                                                                            (Figure4.4  trails left by bicycles)

Bus Station:

According to the map, two bus stations are located along the community. However, residents reflected that the station at the Dongyan Road had been constructed for around two years which causes much inconvenience for the locals.

                                                                            (Figure4.5 Bus stations nearby the LV District 1)

  We used a questionnaire survey to investigate the energy use habits of local residents. The residents mainly uses electricity, natural gas energy and a small amount of solar energy.

1.Use of Gas

  There are few bare pipelines on the surface in the plot. By inquiring about the local residents, we know that most of the energy used for cooking is natural gas, and the natural gas pipelines are laid uniformly in the plot and buried underground. Gas is very inconvenient for almost no residents because it can only be canned and replaced immediately. However, there are still very few households that use gas because of the inability to lay the pipeline.

（Figure5.1Proportion of resident gas use type)                                    （Figure5.2 Buried pipeline）

2.Use of green energy

  As for the use of green energy, only the sun can be used through field investigation. The nearby rivers are not suitable for use. Because of the dense greening and construction, wind energy can not be used. Because the weather in Suzhou is mostly cloudy or rainy, only a small number of residents use solar energy to heat tap water by using solar water heaters. The survey shows that a large proportion of residents are willing to use green energy, but it is limited by technology.

        （Figure5.3  Residents' willingness to use green energy）                    （Figure5.4 Solar water heater on roof）
3.Use of electricity

  In the use of electricity, the public lighting equipment in the residential area is relatively small, only a small number of street lights, in the evening the whole residential area is relatively dim and low power consumption. There are hardly any poles in the district, and the electricity is connected by the wires buried underground between the buildings. However, in some places, there will be a large number of wires exposed on the surface, which can easily lead to power failure and power failure. More seriously, it may leak electricity on rainy days. In the survey, nearly one-third of the residents suffered a power outage

.

（Figure5.5 Resident power outage frequency ratio）

             (Figure5.6 Wires between buildings）                                                        （Figure5.7，Bare wire）

1. Introduction of local water situation 

   Water plays a significant role in neighborhood planning. It has a tight connection with the biodiversity system and energy use. 

  There mainly are five types of water in this neighborhood include blue water ( running or standing water ), white water ( mains water used for drinking, body washing and cooking ), grey water ( used for baths, showers, washing machines ), green water ( captured roof rain water ) and black water ( came from flushing, toilet, kitchen sinks ) (Chang, 2019).

2. Issues of existing water use 

   Through the on-the-spot investigation, our group found that there were several issues of existing water use. 

  First, the surrounding environment of the river is in a mess. We found that there are a lot of rubbish along the river, which has rotted and smelled after a long period of time. This will pollute the soil near the source of water and indirectly affects the quality of river water through natural water circulation. It not only will destroy the local natural environment but also will affect the human activities such as fishing.

                                                                   (Figure6.3 There are many rubbish around the river )

  Second, there is a water pollution. We found that several outlets directly discharged sewage into the river water, which polluted the river water and affected the downstream residents’ drinking water sources, and posed a great threat to their health.

                                             ( Figure6.4 The polluted water is directly poured into the river via the pipe )

  Third, there remains an inefficient use of water. It is mainly embodied in green water. Based on research data, it was found that most residents had great awareness of recycling water. There were only 4 residents of the sample of 30 mentioned that they did not have habit of saving water. The majority of residents consider that using vegetable washing water to mop the floor and flush the toilet is the most common way of daily water saving. Therefore, the inefficiency of using water is not caused by residents.

                                                              (Figure6.5 Chart of residents' water conservation habits)

We finally consider the not-well-established drainage pipe system and lack of enough green space to collect rain water as the main two reasons. During investigation, many residents complained that the community was easily prone to water accumulation on rainy days because of rough roads and lack of timely maintenance. This not only leads to waste of water resources, but also easy to form security risks. One woman even angrily mentioned that her top balcony was blocked by sewers and the water left in the rainstorm had not leaked for three days.

                                                                              (Figure6.6 The uneven road surface)

                                                                      (Figure6.7 The section of ground over flow)

3. Solutions of improving water system 

  First, the local neighborhood committee must set up provisions to limit littering and invest more money in improving the environment around rivers.

  Second, It is necessary to establish a sustainable drainage system, which can not only reduce water pollution and flood disasters (Chang, 2019), but also improve the surrounding soil environment through water circulation.

  Third, the efficiency of water resources utilization need to be improved. The first step is to construct more open downpipes or green roof to absorb and restore rain fall with more efficiency. 

  The study of food in neighborhood planning, though cross-disciplinary, has substantial potential benefits in terms of society, environment, enterprises and labor force. In this case, we will investigate whether the residents of the target community meet the requirements of neighborhood quality of life indicators by examining the supply and acquisition of local food; and study food growing issue in this community. In addition to focusing on healthy foods, we're also researching on unhealthy foods in the community (Guise, Barton and Grant, 2010).

1. Provision and availability of local food:

  According to the study, the nearest farmers' market (in Louts 3th and 5th Area) can be reached within 5 to 10 minutes' walk, and the variety of products completely exceeds the daily nutritional needs of each person. It is, however, relatively expensive in terms of price. Xie’tang farmers' market, which is about 20 minutes' walk away (Figure.7.1), is relatively cheaper, but the variety is same, fully meet the needs of the food basket. According to our interview data, residents in this community are good at a healthy and balanced diet. Most residents said they ate far more than two fist size of vegetables a day. Another way to buy food is to have nearby farmers who grow their vegetables and peddle them in the neighborhood on their tricycles.

  According to the survey (Figure.7.2), almost every family’s consumption ratio of vegetables and meat is basically between 1:2 and 1:1.

  According to the interview, we know that almost the residents of a previous village lived quite close to each other after relocating, so there was a healthy and harmonious neighborhood relationship between neighbors. Therefore, there's a lot of informal economic activity around the community about food. According to the survey, since these stores do not even have health certificates, it is not worth praising them also if they are convenient for people to get food.

(Figure7.1: Food Map)

(Figure7.2: Some surveys)

2. Food miles

  Products from the farmers' market, a popular destination for residents, usually come from Lu’zhi district, about 5 kilometers from the market. To better cope with global climate change, the following food growing topic should be carefully considered as an aspect of neighborhood planning that needs to be improved.

3. Food growing:

  But in this case, the quality of the land did not affect the resettled residents' enthusiasm for growing vegetables. Although in many cases the community does not support the planting of vegetables, the cultivation of vegetables in the green space between houses is regarded as vandalism and is prohibited. But residents here choose to find some foam cartons for secure handling, resettlement residents for planting spices (such as onion and garlic) are still very enthusiastic. For Lotus village neighborhood, most of the residents nearby are initially residents of the same village. The neighborhood relationship is very harmonious, which is very conducive to the development of community horticulture. Moreover, once developed, it is very beneficial to the physical and mental health of the local population (Epa.gov, 2019).

Overall, the investigation of Material consists of two methods:

First, elaborative observation on the community. Second, questionnaire in regard to the residents’ habits.

1.Garbage Classification 

  There are several garbage sorting stations in the community. When the habitants involve in the garbage classification, they would contribute to build their own environmental-friendly community, thus enhancing habitants’ awareness of recycling.

                                                                           (Figure 8.1 :Notices are posted with explanatory information

                                                                          at the back of dustbins to guide residents on how to classify waste. )

  However, in front of the buildings, there are only recyclable and non-recyclable bins. Through observation, the dustbin that puts harmful waste has only appeared in the community once, and the hazardous rubbish processing such as tube of battery, fluorescent lamp did not cause masses to take seriously.

"The trucks come and simply pour the sorted trash together into buckets and take it to the compressing station." the staff of community committee said.

                 (Figure 8.2: Harmful waste notification)                                                (Figure 8.3: Majority of  trash cans in the

                                                                                                                                                   community are unsorted)

  Through questionnaire, the figure 8.4 reflects two major problems. Firstly, nearly half of the respondents lack awareness about garbage sorting although the dustbins are separated. Secondly, few residents rarely knew and care about toxic and harmful rubbish.

                                                                                                       (Figure 8.4)

  When it comes to more effective way of garbage sorting, some residents have proposed a reward system for sorting rubbish, but the reward requires material support and time for other details. From my perspective, it should be clear to the residents that classified garbage is an obligation and those who break these rules will be punished. 

2.Building Waste

  Figure 8.5 reveals that the ground is littered with construction waste, including bricks, stones and plastic bags. The scruffy furniture was thrown in the street casually by residents. The construction and household waste listed above not only encroach on public areas, but also damage the image of community.

                                                                                                                 (Figure 8.5)

3.Local Recycling

  Residents spontaneously carry out some recycling or repair activitie. The way that villagers treat the discarded furniture varies from individual perspectives. As figure shown in the pie chart, the elderly tend to reuse and recycle the waste while the youngsters are more likely to buy a new one instead. Some villagers use leftover building materials such as bricks and tiles to build personal furniture and public facilities, for instance, a chair made of bricks.

                                                                                                           (Figure 8.6)

  The community is excessively dependent on the external environment. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Reusing the left-off items is a feasible approach. The fugure 8.7  elaborates the frequency of donating clothes and book respectively.  

                                                                                                                  (Figure 8.7)           

                                                                                             (Figure 8.8 : Recycling bins for old clothes)

  In our neighborhood survey, many of the residents have complained about their poor green space planning, and our group members have noticed that most of lawn areas were bare and designed imprudently. Therefore, we decided to study the population density of herbaceous plant and its characteristic to explore the greening condition by means of samples.

  Take five sample locations as studying object. Each sampling location is a square with a side of length 1 meter.

(Figure 8.1 Sampling Location NO.1)

(Figure 8.2 Sampling Location NO.2)

 (Figure 8.3 Sampling Location NO.3)

(Figure 8.4 Sampling Location NO.40

(Figure 8.5  Sampling Location NO.5)

(Figure 8.6 Population Density of Herbaceous Plant)

  As shown in the table, the population density of herbaceous plants in the fourth district of Lotus Village is only about 78 plants per square meter, which seems to be relatively low. Even though the community has a residential greening rate of 20%, it did not mean that Lotus Village 4^th district had high-level green. Worse still, we have found two negative phenomena:

           Figure 8.7                                   Figure 8.8

  Firstly, in figure9.1, the majority of land is actually covered by artificial turf which is difficult to distinguish by residents and supervisor officers. The fake grass cannot have positive influence on air quality and provide leisure space for children as it is plastic. Secondly, in figure9.2, the grass is only planted on the land which near the road, but the rest of the area is mostly bare. The turf in Lotus Village 4^th district is imprudent and these tricky measures will not do beneficial to neighborhood greening.

  Younan et al. (2016) maintain that green space has the ability to improve overall wellbeing, reduce personal pressure, and decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety. If the fourth district of Lotus Village could perfect its green area and stabilize a high rate of herbaceous plant density, the residents may not have too much complaint about the community.   

From the research and analysis we have conducted on the nine key aspects, we have tried to make an initial impression of the study site. Here we use the SPECTURM grading method (Barton, Grant & Guise, 2003) for both summarizing concerns of each topic we studied, and identifying the most important issues in this community. 

(Figure10.1 The SPECTRUM grading method)

Original recommendation before workshop

(Figure 11.1 & 11.2)

Improved recommendation with external reading

Based on the previous investigation, workshop with residents and wide-range research from external reading, two directions on the development in Lotus Village are proposed.

1. Walkable Community

From the perspective of well-being of inhabitants, compact but functional community could trigger benign accessibility, and thus motivate more walking ( Jinrong et al.,2017). Neubau and Aspern in Vienna, for example, are known for compact, efficient development and pedestrian living conditions. Therefore, we concentrated the residents’ walking comfort range as far as possible and satisfy their need of daily life supporting facilities.

(Figure 11.3)

In the planning practice, we rationalize the supporting facilities according to the conducted surveys about residents' comfortable walking distance to various life service facilities (e.g. greenbelt, supermarket, open recreational area).

On the basis of tolerable distance of service facilities, it is a significant way to enhance the accessibility of streets and increase the density of road networks and pedestrian networks.

Fences separate the connection between the walker and the building. In the community, there is still a certain distance between the fence and the house. Residents usually make use of this place to raise chickens. We advocate to transform these space to configure the functions of leisure, fitness and recreation.

2. Circular Economy

A circular economy is an economic system with a main focus of reducing and eventually eliminating waste. A circular economy follows a founding principle of reduce, reuse, and recycle (Sheposh, 2017). Figure 10.5 illustrates the relationship betwwen water, material and energy in the circular society.

(Figure 11.4 & 11.5)

The British community of Beddington is known as the zero-carbon community. Each house is equipped with a large reservoir underground, and rainwater is stored after it flows to the reservoir through a filter pipe. The cistern is connected to each bathroom, and stored rainwater is used to flush the toilet. After being treated with biochemical treatment, some of the wastewater is used to irrigate the grassland, while another part flows back into the reservoir and continues to be used for flushing (Chance, T, no date).

For waste, they are used to make electricity or cement; For discarded TV sets, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines, etc. should give retailer to decompose and undertake using according to resource category.

Barton, H., Grant, M., & Guise, R. (2003). Shaping neighbourhoods: a guide for health, sustainability and vitality. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. 

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Guise, R., Barton, H. and Grant, M. (2010). Shaping Neighbourhoods.. Routledge, pp.192-203.

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