CDE110 2018-19 Group 14 Final

Group NO.14

Group members:

Qinchun.Hu       1716881   Leader

Shujuan.He       1715999

Ningchen.Zhang 1717022   

Mengyao.Liu      1717938

Liqiong.Han       1716008

Ruiqing.Zhang    1718365

This page will show the learning outcomes of the team members in the lessons and field trips. Each team member plays a different role in group task and completes it together.

Neighborhoods, as the localities in which people live, imply a sense of belonging and community. To grasp the true essence of neighborhood planning, Lotus NO.4 Community (Cailian Community) is assigned for our group to study. To mention our target community, it is located at the intersection of Songtao Street and Dongyan Road, SIP, Suzhou (see figure 1.1). This residential area used to be arable land, and has turned into urban land since 1990s. In fact, the whole Lotus Village are resettlement housing areas compensating to landless farmers; and there are also low-price houses renting to migrants now. Therefore, residents living in this community are the relatively lower-level group; and their living conditions deserve planners paying more attention to. Our group’s job is to evaluate the current conditions of Cailian Community from nine different aspects; and then propose an appraisal to improve quality of this community.

(Figure 1.1 satellite map of Cailian Community)

The following displays the hand-drawing maps at the residential and neighborhood level in order to show the essential transport location and major community functions (see figure 1.2 and 1.3).

(Figure 1.2 the hand-drawing map at the residential level)

(Figure 1.3 the hand-drawing map at the neighborhood level)

(Figure 1.4 Model of the 4th Lotus Village)

(Figure 1.5 Final Model of the 4th Lotus Village)

Site visit and review

First visit

All group members joined the fieldtrip. Before visiting the site, group members searched information of Cailian community to prepare for the field trip. Moreover, maps of Cailian community were also printed as a guide during the visit. We walked, took photos and talked with residents following the teachers and teaching assistants in the Cailian community on 16^th Mar. 2019. Not only the inside, we also visited the outside of the community, for example, the riverside next to the Cailian community. However, due to the limited time, we finished the short fieldtrip and planned to visit again.

Second visit

Because of the different time schedules, we decided to visit Cailian in sub-groups. This time, we more focused on ourselves’ topics and adapted several methods to research the community: interview, observation and mapping. After the second visit, we collected more useful information to analyze the Cailian community.

Role allocation

Mengyao.Liu: In charge of energy and water.

Liqiong.Han: In charge of facility and movement.

Shuquan.He: In charge of local economy.

Qinchun.Hu: Page administrator, and in charge of food.

Ningchen.Zhang: In charge of background, workshop reflection, people and material.

Ruiqing.Zhang: In charge of research methods and biodiversity.

Research Methods

1. Interview: We have selected randomly 30 residents from different buildings and asked them the following questions:

社会资本

1, 您是外地人还是本地人？

2, 您所居住的单元是本地人多还是外地人多？

3, 您在这个社区里有多少朋友？

4, 您参加了多少社区活动组织？

5, 有多少朋友在您紧急的时候可以借您3000元？

6, 您有多少社区以外的朋友？

7, 在彩莲社区的生活会让您有熟悉感和归属感吗？

社会印象

1, 您认为小区的边界和活动中心在哪里？

2, 您认为小区有哪些安全的和不安全的地方？

3, 您印象中的小区生活是什么样的（平静，快乐。。。）？

4, 您在小区生活中有什么从过去保留到现在的活动吗？

社区生活

1, 您对于小区内的商业， 比如杂货店，理发店的看法是？

2, 您平常都在哪里购物和买菜？您觉得方便吗？

3, 您觉得社区周边配套设施有什么可改进的地方吗？

2. Observation:

1, people and community: observe the age structure of the community and activity areas of residents

2, Local enterprise and Economy: identify small businesses in and outside the village.

3, Access to facilities: characterize where the facility is, and analyze whether it is convenient for residents to access.

4, Movement: observe different ways that people move, either inside the village or outside the village.

5, Energy: identify what kinds of power system is in the village.

6, Water: observe different water uses in the village.

7, Food: understand where and how can people get food.

8, Material: identify building materials and waste in the village.

9, Biodiversity: identify the species in the community and understand the relation between people and nature.

3. Mapping: We refer to the satellite map to draw the residential-level map, neighborhood-level map and the distribution of green space. Moreover, after the interview, we collected and collated the data to draw the pie chart, bar chart and food catchment.

4. Photo analysis: We took photos and analyzed from following aspects: What is on this photo? What this phenomenon stands for? Which topic or topics could be related to this photo?

Research Theory

We adopt the settlement health map which conducted by Barton and Grant (2006) as the method and criteria to analyze the community. It is a comprehensive framework emphasizing the centrality of the people, also includes other aspects: lifestyle, community, local economy, activities, built environment, natural environment. The health map can help us understand the relation between different systems; thus, a healthy neighborhood is the aim we should achieve.

(Figure 3.1 The settlement health map (Barton and Grant, 2006))

Workshop with local residents

During the workshop with local residents, we have practiced participatory methods of ‘tea talking’ and ‘walk around’ to collect opinions from residents.

In ‘tea talking’ part, we invited some elder people under the assistance of community staff, and provided some food to form a comfortable talking atmosphere (see Figure 3.2). Firstly, we described our community proposal, referring to parking, greenery, fences, open spaces and community governance, and asked them whether these points needed to be improved (see Figure 3.3). There was a consistency that we all thought parking and community governance required to be improved for a better community life. However, it was beyond our imagination that few residents thought additional open space for special activities was necessary, and this point would be revised in the further recommendation. Next, we asked residents for their own opinions about good and bad things of the community (see Figure 3.4). Although there were different voices about different things, we found that residents were not satisfied with the informal parking of cars and battery carts; in addition, the weak management of neighborhood committee was also criticized by residents. These were all serious issues remaining to be dealt with from both physical planning and community management.

(Figure 3.2 Pictures of 'Tea talking')

(Figure 3.3 Workshop board about the group proposal)

(Figure 3.4 Workshop board about residents' opinions)

In ‘walk around’ part, we walked around the community to residents to show residents our modelling and the design proposal (see Figure 3.5), and asked them whether our own thoughts were corresponded with local context; In addition, we also invited them to share their opinions about community improvement. It was no wonder that they complained too much to us about the community governance. Therefore, it reminded us that design may be not solve all problems of the whole community, and management was also vital for the sustainable and harmonious development of the community.

(Figure 3.5 Pictures of 'Walk around')

Preface

In this section, ‘people and community’ will be evaluated to see whether The 4th Lotus Village is a balanced and diverse neighborhood. Certainly, people is one main element of neighborhood’s vitality; and neighborhoods can either restrict or arouse residents’ activities. Therefore, it is vital to discover whether people and community have a strong symbiotic relation. For example, if the relocated community can satisfy people's needs; whether population is diverse to support community development. The appraisal on people will firstly focus on population diversity and its social capital; and thereafter, housing and neighborhood identity will be analyzed at the community level.

People

Population diversity: A diverse population should vary in types of household, and income levels and socio-economic groups. In order to know the basic information, we utilize means of observation and interview, and recognize the current circumstance of Cailian Community. As Figure 4.1 shows, the community is mainly populated by landless farmers and migrant; and Cailian community office (2019) say that the proportion of migrants is appropriate 58% among the total. In fact, the population structure seems to be not balanced and diverse. Particularly, these two major are relatively low-income groups, which may not constantly sustain the development of the community. For example, migrants are floating, who may not regard the place as a big family but a living machine. As for the elderly, most of them do not care about the community because the locality has been changed into the unfamiliar place; the spatial situation here could not intersect with their habitus, such as planting, which creates less sense of belonging.

(Figure 4.1 Age structure of the 4th Lotus Village)

Having recognized the situation, we decide to analyze whether this community is well-functioned referring to several criteria, such as housing, jobs and workplaces, etc. (see Table 4.2). In general, Cailian Community operates well but has some limitations.

(Table 4.2 Evaluation of community functions)

Social capital: Since it is vital for a community to build a social niche, we interviewed some residents about their daily life to see how strong their social capital is (see Figure 4.3). Based on tutor’s recommendation, we casually sampled 30 people to reflect the whole picture. In general, social capital in Cailian Community is not rather strong, especially in ‘local identity and sense of belonging’ and ‘community-level networks and group’. For example, some landless farmers think the community is totally a new place with a homogeneous landscape; likewise, migrants regard the place as only living areas. In addition, we also find that the social network of residents is basically concentrated on their own community with the same group, and nearly no connections with the outside world. Despite better provision of services and facilities, the resettlement neighborhood remains isolated, bringing social exclusion in externality.

(Figure 4.3 social capital of the 4th Lotus Village)

Mostly interestingly, we discover that residents are less satisfied with a range of issues which go beyond the physical elements. Particularly, they are related to residents' perception of the new environment, including sense of security, and nostalgia for previous social connections. Seriously, there is a kind of conflict between the migrant and the local. Some migrant grandmas complain that the community seems to have priorities to the local people in different living areas; such as opening a local shop at the ground floor, parking inside the community, etc. While some local people argue that migrants have low morality in casually parking on the sidewalk. Therefore, there is a kind of social exclusion between these two groups inside the community. From our observation, we notice that the local elderly would do knitting and planting at the entrance of buildings, remaining customs of rural spaces with which they are familiar, while the migrant elderly would stay in the community center to look after children (see Figure 4.4).

(Figure 4.4 Main activity areas of different elderly groups)

Community

Considering the top-down nature of Chinese resettlement, new residential environment is dominated by planned elements. Particularly, the spatial forms are both physical including community centers, and social including neighborhood governance structure. The rural village structure after resettlement consists of two urban entities: neighborhood committee and property management company (Zhang, et al., 2018). They provide a range of material services related to urban living, including promoting welfare programs, organizing recreational activities, and mediating disputes among residents.

Housing: A mix of housing is one major point to create a sense of neighborliness and belonging. After resettlement, the property rights system in the 4th Lotus Village is formalized; Farmers lose the rural collective homestead, and forgo the autonomy to build and monetize their own housing and living space (Zhang, et al., 2018). Moving into new communities has made them enter the urban system of state-owned land, so we find that the commodity housing built by developers is the majority. Among those new housing, different housing sizes can satisfy needs of different types of household; and housing prize is relatively low to attract numerous migrants. However, there is a serious issue of homogeneity in housing construction; in other words, less housing types are occupied in the community. 

Neighborhood identity: Local distinctiveness is quite important for the identity of one community. Fried (2000) believe that space is fundamental for someone's identity, with residents feeling as if belong to a piece of land. As Cailian Community has experienced the transformation from rural land to urban uses, the continuity of community may be destroyed. Therefore, we try to know their perceptions of this new neighborhood by interviewing (see Table 4.5). We find that views of residents differ from diverse ages, and it is planner’s job to balance different needs to build a life-time healthy neighborhood.

(Table 4.5 Residents’ perceptions of the 4th Lotus Village)

Economy

In the field trip of the 4th Lotus Village, we find that most of the young people in the community work in companies or shopping malls to earn money, and most of the rest are old people who have retired. But they also have a source of income, which is helping some garment factory with bulk garment orders. The main work is to check and handle the threads of the clothes. The work need neither too much technology content nor a specific work environment. During the field trip, many elderly people could be seen sitting together to deal with threads on clothes, which would not only help them make money but also contribute to the harmony of neighborhood.

                                          (Figure 5.1  Residents sit together to dispose of threads on clothes)

There are no large supermarkets in the community, but some residents take advantage of the convenience of the floor to open small shops, which can basically meet the needs of the community residents.

                                        (Figure 5.2  A small shop run by the resident to sell household goods)

In fact, there are many small shops like this in the community, which are different from each other. For example, there are fruit and vegetable stores, convenience stores, barbershops and laundromat stores. Most of them are not large in scale and use residents' houses or garages as storefronts, but they bring great convenience to the residents in the community and also bring economic income to themselves.   

                                                (Figure 5.3  Different small shops in the community)

In addition, there are mobile stalls in the community for residents to buy some daily necessities, mostly food such as eggs and fruits.

                                         (Figure 5.4  Residents buy fruits and eggs in front of moving stalls) 

The large shopping malls and shops near the 4th Lotus Village are mainly concentrated in the southeast corner of the community, where there are Banks, large supermarkets like China resources vanguard and a commercial street of lotus, forming a small economic circle around which residents will choose to spend money.

                                               (Figure 5.5  An ecomonic center near the 4th Lotus Village)               

The local facility area is in the centre of Cailian community fourth district. The redraw map is shown as follows. There is a community public health centre, library, basketball court, local theatre and an activity room for local elderly.

                                     (Figure 6.1  the drawing of the center area of the community)

About the external facilities, schools, hospitals, business centers and other infrastructure are available.

The nearest primary school is less than 500 meters.

The nearest hospital is about a kilometre long.

In addition, there is a commercial center at the edge of the community.

The community has large scattered green spaces and pavilions for rest, but dedicated sports areas are found only where the central facilities are clustered.

In addition, due to the long years of community construction, many residents have aging phenomenon of power distribution boxes, exposed lines, may cause hidden dangers.

                        (Figure 6.2 The exposed ware)

                                                   (Figure 6.3 An old lady coming down the stairs)

Residential building does not have elevator, which brings some difficulty to the old people with inconvenience of ability to walk.

However, as the construction height is generally six floors, so the impact caused by the temporary not particularly serious.

Cailian Community is expected to install elevators in residential buildings, according to the recently approved "Implementation opinions on adding elevators to existing multi-storey residential buildings in Suzhou".

People in the 4th Lotus community have various choices to move.

Private vehicle: cars, motorcycle, tricycle, bicycle.

                                                            (Figure 7.1 Motorcycle for take-out) 

                                                                      (Figure 7.2 Tricycle)

Through the residents, many families owns one car or even more. The community is planned to have 500 parking spaces, which have become a problem due to the inadequate utilization of parking Spaces and the increase in vehicles.

It can be seen that the most important means of transportation in the community is motorcycle. Since non-motor vehicle shed was not planned in this area, the residents park the motorcycle in front of the main door of the buildings.

Tricycles are used by some residents who make a living from recycling.

(Figure 7.3 The location of public bikes outlets and bus stations)

Public vehicle: public bicycle, bus.

Public bicycles are a feature of Suzhou that people with special card are free to use public bicycle while the others can rent the bicycles with little money online. Public bikes have fixed outlets, which are shown in the following picture.

The red marks represent the public bike outlets and the blue marks represent the bus stations.

Walkability

Convivial space is a concept related to areas different from those areas where is dominant by car (Barton et al., 2013). In the 4th Lotus community, there are many places can be considered as convivial space. In addition to the road between the houses, there are some informal road construction in the overlap with green areas, picture and picture as two examples.

According to the humanized design of the community, big numbers of steps should be avoided. In Lotus Community, the elderly and minors account for a considerable part of the residents, so that reasonable walking design is particularly important. There are no obstructions in the main passageway in the community. However, due to the mixture of clutter and parking lots on the flat ground between some buildings, it may lead to the unsmooth walking (Figure 4).

                                                                (Figure 7.4 the space for parking)

The warning signs for speed of cars are not positioned at the corners to alert the drivers. Since Cailian Community is constructed as the settlement of demolition personnel, the number of the elderly is no negligible. The walking and reaction speed of the elderly are both slower than normal adult does. The lack of warning signs for cars will rise the possibility of traffic accidents.

                                                          (Figure 7.5 The corner of the main road)

There is an informal door made for residents on the south-east side of the community, which can reduce the time to get access to the commercial area and primary school for many habitants. However, the existence of the informal door with official security will also bring some potential security problems for residents.

                                                                    (Figure 7.6 The informal door)

Solar energy

The residential houses in the Cailian community are multistoried buildings with five floors, most are faced south with the back to the north. A number of residents choose to install solar water heaters. Compared with other ways, solar energy is more energy-saving and environmental protection. However, the housing layout and solar water heaters in the Cailian community is too neat to respond to the surrounding morphology and context better (see ther figure 8.1).

(Figure 8.1 Diagram of housing layout and solar water heaters in a small area)

Electric energy

In Cailian community, electricity guarantees the basic life of the community, such as lighting and air conditioning.

For air conditioning, Suzhou belongs to subtropical monsoon climate area, the average temperature was 2.5 C° an 28 C° in January and July (Baidu Baike, 2019). There are no central heat and cold supply system for local residents. Therefore, the electricity consumption of air conditioning in summer and winter is huge.

For lighting, the distance between each two buildings is about 8 meters and the height of the building is about 15 meters in community. Due to the first level is generally unhabitable, the lowest level of actual accommodation is about 2 meters above the ground. According to the standards set by the ministry of construction (2005), the distance between buildings is not less than the building height multiplied by the cotangent of the local solar height at noon of winter solstice day (L= H*cot X°). The housing in Cailian community cannot meet the standard, and the unfavorable daylighting increase the use of electricity. In addition, the first floor almost completely loses the chance of lighting, so stores which located here need full-time lighting (see ther figure 8.2).

(Figure 8.2 Diagram of sunshine in winter solstice)

Drinking and domestic water

In Cailian community, daily water use is basically guaranteed. Residents use daily water for laundry and cooking, and even cultivate vegetables in public areas of the community (see the figure 9.1)

(Figure 9.1 Residents cultivate vegetables in public areas of the community (photo from visit site))

River

A small tributary of Jinji Lake adjacent to the northern side of the Cailian community. It belongs to a kind of blue water, which can be used to beautify the community and increase the diversity of residential outdoor life, such as fishing and camping (see the figure 9.2).

(Figure 9.2 Nearby residents fishing (photo from visit site))

The moat in Suzhou has not recorded any flood disasters, which due to the scientific and rigorous flood control system. However, it also has the risk of residential activities. For example, there are no railings along the river and a number of people go swimming in summer. Because the river bottom environment is complex, incidents of drowning deaths often occur among residents.

                                   (Figure 10.1 Food catchment made by Qinchun.Hu)

1. According to the survey, there are few small food retails and shops in this community (Figure 10.2). These shops can serve the whole community because the distance all of these stores are almost in residential buildings. Additionally, some residents also choose to sell the food made by themselves (See figure 10.3).

(Figure 10.2 the retail shops in Lotus 4 Village)

    (Figure 10.3 the food made by residents)

2. However, the number of these shops can not satisfy the residents’ demand for food. Therefore, some residents also grow their own vegetables in the open space of the community (Figure 10.4), and raise livestock such as chickens in their communities to provide food (Figure 10.5). They also process the vegetables into pickles for their own consumption or for sale (Figure 10.6). However, residents indicated that their own food production is limited because there is no place to grow and raise livestock. Some people also said that growing and raising livestock in public Spaces can affect the appearance of the community.  

(Figure 10.4 Vegetables grown by residents)

 (Figure 10.5 the chiken in the neighbourhood)

                                                                         (Figure 10.6 Residents processing their vegetables)

3. There are farming markets and supermarkets around the community that provide food sources for residents (Figure 10.7). The food provided by farmers' markets can basically meet the daily needs of inhabitants, and the quality of food is also relatively guaranteed (Figure 10.8). The weakness is the distance between the community and market is so far that some old people could not arrive conveniently. Our surveys founds that the task of buying vegetables is usually done by younger. Most old people choose to help young people cook in there home.

                                               (Figure 10.7 the Location of the supermarkets, farm markets and restaurants)

                                                          (Figure 10.8 The food for the Lotus Market)

4. There also have restaurants around the community. However, most of the people in the community are not Suzhou natives. They are not used to eating the food from local Suzhou. Another reason is the prices of those restaurants are expensive for them. Most family have old people and children, they tend to choose to cook at home.

Building materials

The materials of construction in this community are mainly concrete and bricks (see Figure 11.1). Some residents tell us that buildings do not well function in sound insulation and ventilation since this community is about 13 years old. Hence, there is a strong relation between materials and people. As I have mentioned before, the old construction materials have affected people’s daily life. Due to terrible sound insulation, residents cannot have an ample sleep which may harm to their mental health. As for ventilation, bad ventilation may influence the quality of life. For example, two grandmas say that they cannot sleep until 2:00 at midnight because of the mahjong playing at the ground floor; In addition, some people complain that it could have a terrible smelling if someone casually throw rubbishes at the corridor.

(Figure 11.1 Buildings in the Cailian community) 

Waste

Waste is a crucial resource to generate local economy and provide employment opportunities. During the site visit, we find that there is a special recycling center at the corner of the community. After we ask the manager their methods to deal with the waste, we summarize the useful information (see Figure 11.2).

(Figure 11.2 Different types of handling waste in the 4th Lotus Village)

Close resource loops: We find that there are activities of repairing, recovering and reusing in the Cailian Community; and resource loops are related to old furniture, bricks and paperboards (see figure 11.3). Most importantly, a recycling site is inside the community, which provides local work opportunities.

Create local solutions: The community has taken measures to localize waste facilities, such as sorting dustbins (see figure 11.4). However, local residents have no awareness to throw waste by classification from our observation, and it may be difficult to recycle.

Involve people: From our observation, many old residents make a living by recycling and selling the waste; and some volunteers are willing to clean dustbins. Because of different people’s work, the community’s material can be well-reused, and reversely support the sustainability of biodiversity and economy.

(Figure 11.3 Recycling waste in the 4th Lotus Village)

(Figure 11.4 Sorting dustbins in the 4th Lotus Village)

Relations with other aspects

There is an interactive relation among energy, waste, water, food and biodiversity. This part aims to see whether the use of materials in Cailian community benefits other relevant aspects. The following is an evaluation chart (see Table 11.5).

(Table 11.5  Evaluation of relations among different aspects)

  (Figure 12.1 Distribution of green space of The 4th Lotus Village)

We have realized that there are many aspects related to the biodiversity. Therefore, we would analyze biodiversity in The 4th Lotus Village from following perspectives: distribution of green space, types of species, and relation with water, people and food.

Distribution of green space

Green space is a significant part that could affect biodiversity. For example, it can provide habitats for wildlife, slow urban water run-off and slow wind speed. We decided to analyze the distribution of green space in The 4th Lotus Village from two parts: around the community and inside the village.

The 4th Lotus Village is surrounded by trees on all sides. Beneath the trees, bushes were plant increasing the green rate in a certain area (Figure 12.2). In this way, trees and bushes could be a small wind breaks for the village. In addition, because of the well-connected green feature, it could also provide enough shelters and food for wild creatures. Therefore, the situation of trees outside the village may not need to be improved.

  (Figure 12.2 Green space outside The 4th Lotus Village)

In terms of the inside village, according to Cailian community office (2019), the vegetation coverage is around 20%. In addition to the low vegetation coverage, distribution of green space inside the village is uneven -- the main roads (the road that allows car-driving) are covered by higher density of green than paths between residential buildings (Figure 12.3 and 12.4). It is acceptable that there are no trees near the residential building due to the consideration of sunlight. However, even bushes and grass are not common to see, vacant land is easier to be sighted. Therefore, the poor plan of the green space may not establish a green network which could lead to difficulties for animals hiding and moving in the village. In conclusion, the green space inside the village needs to be improved.

   (Figure 12.3 Trees on the main road)

(Figure 12.4 vacant land, low vegetation in the village)

Types of species

When we were walking in the village, we found that there are various types of creatures. In terms of the plants, there are virous types of plants, including bamboos, camellia, private and willow, which may be used a as decoration and attempt to increase vegetation coverage.

Regarding to the animals, we divided animals into tree groups (Figure 12.5). Firstly, domestic animals, for example, dogs and chickens are common to see. Secondly, homeless animals like stray cats are also easy to be sighted in the village. Thirdly, wildlife, for instance, squirrels, were not been seen during the fieldtrip; as well as the other places in China, sparrows are the most common wildlife. This may be a result of low vegetation coverage in the village as analyzed before. In the village, different creatures have formed an ecosystem together with physical environment. However, the ecosystem may not be a stable one due to the limited amount of creature in a certain village and the frequent human activities.

(Figure 12.5 domestic animals and homeless animal)

Relation with water, people and food

The river besides the village is well surrounded by a large area of greenery. Trees can be seen as the segregation preventing the river from pedestrian and motorway. Therefore, the river is a biodiverse amenity for creature to find food and inhabit due to low disturbance (Figure 12.6).

(Figure 12.6 the river beside the The 4th Lotus Village)

The relation between nature and people is weak. As analyzed before, vegetation rate in the village is low. There are little green area for people to walk in and appreciate. In addition, in terms of the river, people can not access to the river. A fence is the barriers that prevent people away from the river. It seems that people are willing to be close to the river because there is a path created by pedestrians (Figure 12.7). However, it is not safe. Therefore, connection between the nature and residents need to be improved in a safe way.

(Figure 12.7 path and fence next to the river)

During the field trip, we also noticed that some residents are growing vegetables by themselves (Figure 12.8). The vegetables can contribute to biodiversity for it increases the variety of plant in the village. On the other hand, it also provides food for the dwellers.

   (Figure 12.8 green onion is plant in the flower pot)

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